The Task
Task 1 (LO1: 1.1, 1.2 and M1) – Deadline: 17th February 2014
Individually you will explain the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms. You must consider;
Characteristics: size and shape; movement; skin; hair; fur; feathers; facial features; sex; gender
Anatomy: skeleton; musculature; lever systems, cardiorespiratory
In order to achieve this you will research and analyse the different aspects of human and animals, including real examples as well as characters. You will submit your explanation of the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms in an appropriate format. This could be written, online, a presentation or video or any other format that will effectively communicate your understanding. It is expected that you will include a range of examples to support your explanations.
To achieve M1 you must identify and evidence the use of a range of appropriate research methods and strategies to allow you explain the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms.
Individually you will explain the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms. You must consider;
Characteristics: size and shape; movement; skin; hair; fur; feathers; facial features; sex; gender
Anatomy: skeleton; musculature; lever systems, cardiorespiratory
In order to achieve this you will research and analyse the different aspects of human and animals, including real examples as well as characters. You will submit your explanation of the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms in an appropriate format. This could be written, online, a presentation or video or any other format that will effectively communicate your understanding. It is expected that you will include a range of examples to support your explanations.
To achieve M1 you must identify and evidence the use of a range of appropriate research methods and strategies to allow you explain the characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms.
Characteristics and anatomy of human and animal forms
To begin this task I have chosen an array of human and animal forms, both from real people and characters.
My research begins with animals.
My research begins with animals.
Anthropomorphized. This means to give human traits/form. As games designers/film makers we do this to make the character familiar with us as humans both in how it moves and speaks usually so we can relate to the characters personality/situation. I will start by researching lever systems as they are present in the majority of animals and in all humans. I will then attempt to point out which systems each character/animal/human has and where.
Lever Systems (Joints)
Lever systems (Joints) connect bones and some enable movement. The diagrams below explain the different types of joints and systems.
Quadruped
Quadrupedalism refers to an animal or machine that moves in a quadrupedal manner. Quadruped means "four feet" in Latin. A large quantity of quadrupeds are vertebrate animals, including mammals such as dogs and cats, some reptiles such as lizards. The example I will use is a dog
Skeleton:
Skeleton:
A dog has 320 bones and no matter the size or breed has the same amount throughout.
"The axial skeleton consists of 134 bones including the skill, spinal column, breastbone, ribs and hyoid bone. The appendicular skeleton consists of 186 bones, including those of the limbs and in male dogs the penile bone."
"There are four types of bones: long bones such as the femur and tibia in the leg; flat bones such as the scapula (shoulder blade) and cranium (skull); irregular bones such as the vertebrae; short bones such as the phalanges (bones of the paws); and the sesamoid bones, which are really ossified portions of tendons."
"A dog's spinal column runs horizontally between the shoulders and the pelvis. It consists of 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, and 7 lumbar vertebrae, as well as 3 sacral vertebrae fused to form the sacrum. There are also caudal vertebrae which vary in number according to the breed and the individual dog. At the level of the thorax, the spinal column joins the ribs and the sternum (breastbone)"
"The bones of the limbs correspond to those in humans. In the foreleg (arm) the upper part is supported by the humerus; the lower part is supported by the radius and the ulna; the forepaw (hand) is supported by the carpus, the metacarpus, and five toes (fingers) of three phalanges each, except for the dew-claw (thumb), which has only two. The hind leg consists of the thighs, supported by he femur; the leg the leg supported by the tibia and fibula; the foot, containing the tarsus and metatarsus; and four toes, each having three phalanges."
"The dog is a digitgrade animal - that is, it walks on its toes. Its thid phalanges rest on the ground, protected by the pads on the sole of the foot. When a dog runs, its feet are straight and elongated. When a dog is at rest, the bones of its limbs are at angles to each other."
(gopetsamerica, 2013)
Lever systems:
"The axial skeleton consists of 134 bones including the skill, spinal column, breastbone, ribs and hyoid bone. The appendicular skeleton consists of 186 bones, including those of the limbs and in male dogs the penile bone."
"There are four types of bones: long bones such as the femur and tibia in the leg; flat bones such as the scapula (shoulder blade) and cranium (skull); irregular bones such as the vertebrae; short bones such as the phalanges (bones of the paws); and the sesamoid bones, which are really ossified portions of tendons."
"A dog's spinal column runs horizontally between the shoulders and the pelvis. It consists of 7 cervical, 13 thoracic, and 7 lumbar vertebrae, as well as 3 sacral vertebrae fused to form the sacrum. There are also caudal vertebrae which vary in number according to the breed and the individual dog. At the level of the thorax, the spinal column joins the ribs and the sternum (breastbone)"
"The bones of the limbs correspond to those in humans. In the foreleg (arm) the upper part is supported by the humerus; the lower part is supported by the radius and the ulna; the forepaw (hand) is supported by the carpus, the metacarpus, and five toes (fingers) of three phalanges each, except for the dew-claw (thumb), which has only two. The hind leg consists of the thighs, supported by he femur; the leg the leg supported by the tibia and fibula; the foot, containing the tarsus and metatarsus; and four toes, each having three phalanges."
"The dog is a digitgrade animal - that is, it walks on its toes. Its thid phalanges rest on the ground, protected by the pads on the sole of the foot. When a dog runs, its feet are straight and elongated. When a dog is at rest, the bones of its limbs are at angles to each other."
(gopetsamerica, 2013)
Lever systems:
- Ball and socket joints (Hip and shoulder)
- Hinge Joint (elbow, knee, tarsus)
- Slightly movable joints (Spine)
Musculature:
"There are three types of muscle: the striated (striped), or skeletal muscle, which make movements of the skeleton, the skin and certain organs possible; the cardiac muscle, which is also striated but is controlled by the nervous system; and the smooth muscles of the digestive tract and other internal organs.
The muscles of the skin are well developed in dogs. Their contraction allows the animal to shake itself dry after a bath. Among the head muscles, however, only the muscles of the ears and eyelids have an important tole; the other muscles do not enable the animal to alter its facial expressions as we do. The skeletal muscles vary a great deal in their form. They may be long or short, and their attachment to the bones may be direct or by way of a tendon. Dogs, like other mammals, also have a muscle called diaphragm. This separates the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities."
(gopetsamerica, 2013)
The muscles of the skin are well developed in dogs. Their contraction allows the animal to shake itself dry after a bath. Among the head muscles, however, only the muscles of the ears and eyelids have an important tole; the other muscles do not enable the animal to alter its facial expressions as we do. The skeletal muscles vary a great deal in their form. They may be long or short, and their attachment to the bones may be direct or by way of a tendon. Dogs, like other mammals, also have a muscle called diaphragm. This separates the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities."
(gopetsamerica, 2013)
Cardio Respiratory:
This animal needs oxygen to function which means it needs to breath. Like humans its lungs take in and expel air. The rate of this is dependent on how strenuous the activity the animal is doing. Breathing is controlled by the diaphragm and air is sucked in and expelled through the nose/mouth again like humans. If animating a dog you would have to replicate its breathing for the audience to be able to relate to the animal.
This animal needs oxygen to function which means it needs to breath. Like humans its lungs take in and expel air. The rate of this is dependent on how strenuous the activity the animal is doing. Breathing is controlled by the diaphragm and air is sucked in and expelled through the nose/mouth again like humans. If animating a dog you would have to replicate its breathing for the audience to be able to relate to the animal.
Sid the Ground Sloth (Originally a quadruped)
Ground sloth skeleton (Extinct from approximately 12,500 years ago)
Size: 2.75m (9ft), Weight: up to 250kg (550lb).
Shape: Elongated Neck and arms with a short tubby body and short legs.
Movement: Represented in the film as clumsy, lethargic but unlike the actual animal (which some species were as large as elephants) he moves quickly at times. The obvious difference is that he walks on two legs, the character has been anthropomorphized. The original walked on all fours.
Fur/hair: The character has fur which is very clean in comparison to an actual sloth, where moss would grow and insects use them as a habitat. This is again to make the character appear more appealing to a younger audience, it adds to his personality if he appears clean and cuddly.
Facial features: The facial features of this character have been enhanced and altered. The character has lips similar to human color with teeth that are much like ours too along with the imperfect enlarged tooth, his eyes are on top of his head not where they would normally be and he has a big red bulbous nose.
Sex: Male. The character is male represented by balding (hair loss) the typical beer belly of a middle aged male. The female sloths are represented by different facial features and shapes, some even wear make up.
Gender: The character is again represented as male. Has a male voice although very geeky and with a lisp to go with the characters personality. The females and younger sloths are represented with a higher pitch voice.
Skeleton: The original animals skeleton is above. However the character has been anthropomorphzed which means its skeleton will have been altered to enable it to look natural on two legs. The clear difference is the elongated neck length which would means it would have more vertebra in the character spine/neck. The spine would also be far more straight so the character could support itself stood on two legs and the tail is used for balance.
Musculature: Again because the character has been made more human its muscle structure will have been altered to give it more human like features in the way it moves/speaks. A great example is Sids claws which are used as fingers in the film but real sloths claws are solid used for hooking onto things, as seen in the video above he even clicks with them at one point.
Lever systems: The skeleton for this character would have an array of lever systems including:
Cardio respiratory: Sid is a representation of an animal living on earth who has been given human qualities. Without breathing he wouldn't look normal so his chest moves to replicate the intake and exhalation of air to mimic breathing.
Shape: Elongated Neck and arms with a short tubby body and short legs.
Movement: Represented in the film as clumsy, lethargic but unlike the actual animal (which some species were as large as elephants) he moves quickly at times. The obvious difference is that he walks on two legs, the character has been anthropomorphized. The original walked on all fours.
Fur/hair: The character has fur which is very clean in comparison to an actual sloth, where moss would grow and insects use them as a habitat. This is again to make the character appear more appealing to a younger audience, it adds to his personality if he appears clean and cuddly.
Facial features: The facial features of this character have been enhanced and altered. The character has lips similar to human color with teeth that are much like ours too along with the imperfect enlarged tooth, his eyes are on top of his head not where they would normally be and he has a big red bulbous nose.
Sex: Male. The character is male represented by balding (hair loss) the typical beer belly of a middle aged male. The female sloths are represented by different facial features and shapes, some even wear make up.
Gender: The character is again represented as male. Has a male voice although very geeky and with a lisp to go with the characters personality. The females and younger sloths are represented with a higher pitch voice.
Skeleton: The original animals skeleton is above. However the character has been anthropomorphzed which means its skeleton will have been altered to enable it to look natural on two legs. The clear difference is the elongated neck length which would means it would have more vertebra in the character spine/neck. The spine would also be far more straight so the character could support itself stood on two legs and the tail is used for balance.
Musculature: Again because the character has been made more human its muscle structure will have been altered to give it more human like features in the way it moves/speaks. A great example is Sids claws which are used as fingers in the film but real sloths claws are solid used for hooking onto things, as seen in the video above he even clicks with them at one point.
Lever systems: The skeleton for this character would have an array of lever systems including:
- Pivot (The head turning on the neck)
- Ball and socket (Hips and shoulders)
- Ellipsoid (Knuckles and toes)
- Hinge (Elbow)
- Condyloid (First row of knuckles on sids "claws")
Cardio respiratory: Sid is a representation of an animal living on earth who has been given human qualities. Without breathing he wouldn't look normal so his chest moves to replicate the intake and exhalation of air to mimic breathing.
Reptile (Bearded Dragon Lizard) Quadruped
Size: Up to 2 feet in length
Shape: Its body has a flattened appearance, which becomes even more pronounced if the dragon is alarmed. There are spines on the throat, sides of the head, and sides of the body. The head is wedge-shaped, and the Bearded Dragon has a tail that is almost as long as the body
Movement: Usually slow unless threatened or right before striking for an insect when hunting. When moving fast they lift their whole bodies onto legs. When moving slow they drag their stomachs on the floor.
Scales: Like most reptiles these lizards have scales. They shed old skin in response to growth or skin injury.
Sex: Sexes are not strongly dimorphic but males can be distinguished. The base of the tail is wider, head is larger and a larger beard.
Gender: I perceive this animal as male purely because of its looks (Spikes/claws). When animating a female lizard like this i would have to consider different characteristics to try and get across that it was female.
Skeleton:
Shape: Its body has a flattened appearance, which becomes even more pronounced if the dragon is alarmed. There are spines on the throat, sides of the head, and sides of the body. The head is wedge-shaped, and the Bearded Dragon has a tail that is almost as long as the body
Movement: Usually slow unless threatened or right before striking for an insect when hunting. When moving fast they lift their whole bodies onto legs. When moving slow they drag their stomachs on the floor.
Scales: Like most reptiles these lizards have scales. They shed old skin in response to growth or skin injury.
Sex: Sexes are not strongly dimorphic but males can be distinguished. The base of the tail is wider, head is larger and a larger beard.
Gender: I perceive this animal as male purely because of its looks (Spikes/claws). When animating a female lizard like this i would have to consider different characteristics to try and get across that it was female.
Skeleton:
Lever systems:
- Ball and socket (Hip and shoulder
- Hinge joint (Elbow)
Bird Anatomy
Skeleton:
"All birds have the same basic plan, though different life styles have meant that they have evolved different variations on the central theme. Birds such as swans have more vertebrae in their necks than those like parrots who have very short necks. Swans have 25 vertebrae, parrots have 9. Necks are useful for getting your mouth to places you do not really want to take your whole body, like the bottom of a pond. They are also useful for turning your head, when your eyes are fixed deep in sockets, without having to turn your whole body. Most flightless birds, having no need of the large flight muscles, have therefore, no need of the large keel or sternum that flying birds have. The exception to this rule are penguins who effectively fly through the water with their modified wings and still need large muscles to power them.
Bird's inherited their basic skeleton from their reptilian ancestors. The constraints of flight however have meant that birds have had to modify it in several major ways. Flight means lifting the birds weight, so the first major consideration is reduction in weight. The lighter you are the easier it is to fly. The main ways birds have lost weight is through the loss of teeth and the large jaw bones needed to support teeth, the loss of nearly all the tail and reduction of the skull. Though a bird's major limb bones are hollow with internal struts for support, this makes them stronger not lighter; a bird's leg bones for example are often heavier than those of similar sized mammal or reptile.
The flapping of wings to achieve flight requires huge muscles and these muscles need to be solidly attached to the skeleton. They also to generate tremendous stresses in the skeleton when working. A bird gets around the first problem by having a greatly enlarged sternum sometimes called a keel or carina which we call the breast plate. This is missing in certain flightless birds such as the ratites (Emus and Ostriches etc.) It is also missing in Archeopteryx, however scientists believe that in the ratites the sternal keel has been lost as a result of the birds having adopted a flightless life style, whereas in Archeopteryx it had not evolved yet. The second problem is overcome by adding rigidity to the skeleton. The rigidity has been achieved by fusing groups of vertebrae, fusing the two collar bones to make what we call the 'wishbone' and by the addition of special lateral (sideways) growths on the ribs which rest against the next rib back and thus strengthening the whole ribcage. These extensions are called uncinate processes .
A bird's thorax is squat and compact in comparison with most other vertebrates - this brings the operation of both the legs and the wings closer to the centre of gravity allowing them to work more efficiently. This also gives a bird a better balance, important in both flight and bipedal (two legged) locomotion.
To keep their centre of balance when walking birds have evolved to have their equivalent of our thigh held permanently close to the body. The leg does not start to extend out from the body until after the knee joint which is never seen. The backward bending leg joint that you see in bird's legs when they are walking is the equivalent of our ankle. A bird's foot is the equivalent of the tips of our toes. Thus the part of a bird's leg that looks like its shin is actually the equivalent of the arch of our foot."
(Milton Hilderbrand, 2014)
Bird's inherited their basic skeleton from their reptilian ancestors. The constraints of flight however have meant that birds have had to modify it in several major ways. Flight means lifting the birds weight, so the first major consideration is reduction in weight. The lighter you are the easier it is to fly. The main ways birds have lost weight is through the loss of teeth and the large jaw bones needed to support teeth, the loss of nearly all the tail and reduction of the skull. Though a bird's major limb bones are hollow with internal struts for support, this makes them stronger not lighter; a bird's leg bones for example are often heavier than those of similar sized mammal or reptile.
The flapping of wings to achieve flight requires huge muscles and these muscles need to be solidly attached to the skeleton. They also to generate tremendous stresses in the skeleton when working. A bird gets around the first problem by having a greatly enlarged sternum sometimes called a keel or carina which we call the breast plate. This is missing in certain flightless birds such as the ratites (Emus and Ostriches etc.) It is also missing in Archeopteryx, however scientists believe that in the ratites the sternal keel has been lost as a result of the birds having adopted a flightless life style, whereas in Archeopteryx it had not evolved yet. The second problem is overcome by adding rigidity to the skeleton. The rigidity has been achieved by fusing groups of vertebrae, fusing the two collar bones to make what we call the 'wishbone' and by the addition of special lateral (sideways) growths on the ribs which rest against the next rib back and thus strengthening the whole ribcage. These extensions are called uncinate processes .
A bird's thorax is squat and compact in comparison with most other vertebrates - this brings the operation of both the legs and the wings closer to the centre of gravity allowing them to work more efficiently. This also gives a bird a better balance, important in both flight and bipedal (two legged) locomotion.
To keep their centre of balance when walking birds have evolved to have their equivalent of our thigh held permanently close to the body. The leg does not start to extend out from the body until after the knee joint which is never seen. The backward bending leg joint that you see in bird's legs when they are walking is the equivalent of our ankle. A bird's foot is the equivalent of the tips of our toes. Thus the part of a bird's leg that looks like its shin is actually the equivalent of the arch of our foot."
(Milton Hilderbrand, 2014)
Musculature:
The major muscles in any bird are focused around its wings and legs. This is because these are what the animal needs to attain flight and in predatory birds hunt. These are the most developed muscles in the animal as they need to produce enough power to keep the animal in the air or kill/pin another animal.
Lever systems:
- Ball and socket: Hips (Shoulder if your a hummingbird)
- Hinge joint: Knee, Elbow (In wing),
- Ellipsoid: Carpal joint (like a wrist joint)
Cardio Respiratory:
"Due to their high metabolic rate required for flight, birds have a high oxygen demand. Development of a unique and highly efficient respiratory system enabled the evolution of flight in birds. Although birds have lungs they rely mostly on air sacs for respiration. While the lungs in birds are comparably smaller in birds than in mammals, the air sacs account for 15% of the total body volume, compared to 7% lung volume in mammals.
These sacs do not play a direct role in gas exchange, but act like a series of bellows to move air unidirectionally through the respiratory system. Birds lack a diaphragm, so rather than the regular expansion and contraction of the respiratory organs like is seen in mammals, the air sacs allow the tract to maintain a fixed volume with oxygenated air constantly flowing in a single direction through them. The active phase of respiration in birds is exhalation, requiring muscular contraction.
Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration — the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). Typically there are nine air sacs within the system, however that number can range between seven and twelve, depending on the species of bird. Passeriformes possess seven air sacs, as the clavicular air sacs may interconnect or be fused with the cranial thoracic sacs. During inhalation, air initially enters the bird through the nares where it is heated, humidified, and filtered. From there, the air enters the trachea and continues beyond the syrinxat which point the trachea branches into two bronchi, called the primary bronchi. The primary bronchi, or the mesobronchi, deliver the air to the posterior sacs at the caudal end of the bird. As the bird draws each breath, air is forced from the posterior air sacs, through the paleoparabronchi (commonly referred to as parabronchi) where gas exchange occurs, and then into the anterior sacs. Air from the anterior air sacs empties into the trachea and back out through the bird's mouth or nares during expiration.
The trachea is an area of dead space; air in the dead space is not fated to pass through the whole of the respiratory tract. In comparison to a mammalian respiratory tract, the dead space volume in a bird is 4.5 times greater than in mammals of the same size. Birds with long necks, by association have long trachea and must compensate for higher dead space volumes.
Air passes through the lungs during both exhalation and inspiration, causing little to no mixing of new oxygen-rich air and stale carbon dioxide rich air as in mammalian lungs. Thus, the partial pressure of oxygen in a bird's respiratory tract is the same as the environment, and so birds have more efficient gas exchange than mammals do.
Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi. Air flows interiorly (caudal to cranial) through the parallel, honeycombed walls of the parabronchi into air vesicles, called atria, which project radially through the parabronchi. These atria give rise to air capillaries, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with cross-flowing blood capillaries by diffusion. All species of birds with the exception of the penguin, have Neopulmonic parabronchi. These unorganized, unparalleled tubes project between the mesobronchus to the posterior sacs and into the posterior secondary bronchi. Unlike the paleoparabronchi, air traveling through the neopulmonic bronchi travels bidirectionally, compared to the unidirectional flow through the parabronchi. The neopulmonic parabronchi never make up more than 25% of the gas exchange surface.
The syrinx is the sound-producing vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a bird's trachea. As with the mammalian larynx, sound is produced by the vibration of air flowing across the organ. The syrinx enables some species of birds to produce extremely complex vocalizations, even mimicking human speech. In some songbirds, the syrinx can produce more than one sound at a time."
(Wikipedia, 2014)
"Due to their high metabolic rate required for flight, birds have a high oxygen demand. Development of a unique and highly efficient respiratory system enabled the evolution of flight in birds. Although birds have lungs they rely mostly on air sacs for respiration. While the lungs in birds are comparably smaller in birds than in mammals, the air sacs account for 15% of the total body volume, compared to 7% lung volume in mammals.
These sacs do not play a direct role in gas exchange, but act like a series of bellows to move air unidirectionally through the respiratory system. Birds lack a diaphragm, so rather than the regular expansion and contraction of the respiratory organs like is seen in mammals, the air sacs allow the tract to maintain a fixed volume with oxygenated air constantly flowing in a single direction through them. The active phase of respiration in birds is exhalation, requiring muscular contraction.
Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration — the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). Typically there are nine air sacs within the system, however that number can range between seven and twelve, depending on the species of bird. Passeriformes possess seven air sacs, as the clavicular air sacs may interconnect or be fused with the cranial thoracic sacs. During inhalation, air initially enters the bird through the nares where it is heated, humidified, and filtered. From there, the air enters the trachea and continues beyond the syrinxat which point the trachea branches into two bronchi, called the primary bronchi. The primary bronchi, or the mesobronchi, deliver the air to the posterior sacs at the caudal end of the bird. As the bird draws each breath, air is forced from the posterior air sacs, through the paleoparabronchi (commonly referred to as parabronchi) where gas exchange occurs, and then into the anterior sacs. Air from the anterior air sacs empties into the trachea and back out through the bird's mouth or nares during expiration.
The trachea is an area of dead space; air in the dead space is not fated to pass through the whole of the respiratory tract. In comparison to a mammalian respiratory tract, the dead space volume in a bird is 4.5 times greater than in mammals of the same size. Birds with long necks, by association have long trachea and must compensate for higher dead space volumes.
Air passes through the lungs during both exhalation and inspiration, causing little to no mixing of new oxygen-rich air and stale carbon dioxide rich air as in mammalian lungs. Thus, the partial pressure of oxygen in a bird's respiratory tract is the same as the environment, and so birds have more efficient gas exchange than mammals do.
Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi. Air flows interiorly (caudal to cranial) through the parallel, honeycombed walls of the parabronchi into air vesicles, called atria, which project radially through the parabronchi. These atria give rise to air capillaries, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with cross-flowing blood capillaries by diffusion. All species of birds with the exception of the penguin, have Neopulmonic parabronchi. These unorganized, unparalleled tubes project between the mesobronchus to the posterior sacs and into the posterior secondary bronchi. Unlike the paleoparabronchi, air traveling through the neopulmonic bronchi travels bidirectionally, compared to the unidirectional flow through the parabronchi. The neopulmonic parabronchi never make up more than 25% of the gas exchange surface.
The syrinx is the sound-producing vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a bird's trachea. As with the mammalian larynx, sound is produced by the vibration of air flowing across the organ. The syrinx enables some species of birds to produce extremely complex vocalizations, even mimicking human speech. In some songbirds, the syrinx can produce more than one sound at a time."
(Wikipedia, 2014)
Bird (Eagle)
Size: Eagles range in size, the Golden eagle can grow over 3ft in height and have a wing span over 7ft. (One female recorded at over 8ft wing span)
Shape: Referred to as a large dark brown raptor, a predatory bird has large claws for grabbing prey.
Movement: Tends to glide more making use of its large wing span. Flaps its wings 6-8 times if it needs to gain height then glides for 2-3 seconds. Ground movement wings are placed away and the bird walks on its feet balancing with its head and tail feathers.
Feathers: The eagle is typical in birds in that at it has feathers.
Facial features: Has a large beak for tearing into its prey. Eyes are located close together.
Sex: Either they both grow to equally large size/have the same colours so it is hard to tell the difference.
Gender: To me personally Male because of its predatory and aggressive/intimidating looks and no feminine distinguish-ability. However other people may see this differently.
Shape: Referred to as a large dark brown raptor, a predatory bird has large claws for grabbing prey.
Movement: Tends to glide more making use of its large wing span. Flaps its wings 6-8 times if it needs to gain height then glides for 2-3 seconds. Ground movement wings are placed away and the bird walks on its feet balancing with its head and tail feathers.
Feathers: The eagle is typical in birds in that at it has feathers.
Facial features: Has a large beak for tearing into its prey. Eyes are located close together.
Sex: Either they both grow to equally large size/have the same colours so it is hard to tell the difference.
Gender: To me personally Male because of its predatory and aggressive/intimidating looks and no feminine distinguish-ability. However other people may see this differently.
Skeleton:
A birds skeleton is very similar. Bones are very porous to keep them light weight. The clear difference is beak shape. Different beaks have evolved depending on what the bird feeds on. The eagle has a beak designed for ripping and tearing meat from bone.
A birds skeleton is very similar. Bones are very porous to keep them light weight. The clear difference is beak shape. Different beaks have evolved depending on what the bird feeds on. The eagle has a beak designed for ripping and tearing meat from bone.
Musculature: The muscle system in an eagle will be the same as in any bird just larger to support its bigger body and wingspan. The muscles in the foot will be more developed for grasping at prey
Cardio respiratory: The animal breathes so in regards to animating this I would have to consider the rate in which it breathes, in what circumstances and what breed. Eagles are large birds so it would be clear to see its chest moving as it takes in oxygen.
Cardio respiratory: The animal breathes so in regards to animating this I would have to consider the rate in which it breathes, in what circumstances and what breed. Eagles are large birds so it would be clear to see its chest moving as it takes in oxygen.
Human (male) anatomy
Skeleton:
The human skeleton is composed of 270 bones at birth and by the time we reach an adult some bones fuse and leave us with 206. The skeleton is split into two main systems, Axial and Appendicular. The skeleton in the human covers six major functions; Support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of ions and endocrine regulation. I need to concern myself with the first three for animation.
Support: The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape.
Movement (See also level systems): The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing more range than others.
Protection: The skeleton provides protection to vital organs.
The skeletal system in humans only varies slightly between males and females. Females have a more rounded pelvis.
The human skeleton is composed of 270 bones at birth and by the time we reach an adult some bones fuse and leave us with 206. The skeleton is split into two main systems, Axial and Appendicular. The skeleton in the human covers six major functions; Support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of ions and endocrine regulation. I need to concern myself with the first three for animation.
Support: The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape.
Movement (See also level systems): The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing more range than others.
Protection: The skeleton provides protection to vital organs.
The skeletal system in humans only varies slightly between males and females. Females have a more rounded pelvis.
Lever Systems:
The human body is made up of a wide variety of joints and lever systems, each to achieve a movement and do a different job. Here are some examples.
The human body is made up of a wide variety of joints and lever systems, each to achieve a movement and do a different job. Here are some examples.
- Ball and Socket - (Hips)
- Plane - (Ankle and wrist)
- Ellipsoid - (Forearm to wrist)
- Hinge - (Elbow)
- Saddle - (Thumb to wrist)
- Condyloid - (Knuckles)
- Pivot - (The joints in the forearm bones, head on neck)
Musculature:
The muscle system is a collection of fibres that when together complete set tasks the body requires. Muscle fibre is elastic and contractile which means it can stretch and contract. The job of the musculature system is to hold aspects of the human body and provide movement.
The muscle system is a collection of fibres that when together complete set tasks the body requires. Muscle fibre is elastic and contractile which means it can stretch and contract. The job of the musculature system is to hold aspects of the human body and provide movement.
Marcus Michael Fenix
Size: 6ft 1
Shape: Endomorph (Large proportions to emphasize fitness and strength)
Movement: Moves the same as a normal human
Skin: Skin varies in colour on a human but Marcus is a white male.
Hair: Marcus has hair, human hair colour is based on genetics and styles will vary different between males and females.
Facial features: Marcus has very rugged facial features which fit his personality of being in the army and a hard man. Human features vary greatly depending on face shapes, noses, mouths, lips, ears, eyes, eyebrows etc. Different features can affect the way the face moves and represents emotion. Each individual has different facial features and when animating you would have to match these with what the rest of the body looks like and the characters personality
Sex: Male
Gender: Male
Skeleton: No difference to the skeleton in the anatomy section.
Musculature: Large proportions. Marcus is portrayed as a large strong man. Without large muscles his personality wouldn't fit.
Lever systems: Typical human lever systems as mentioned previously.
Cardio respitatory: As a human we need to breathe, Marcus is human and needs oxygen to be alive. His chest should move to replicate this.
Shape: Endomorph (Large proportions to emphasize fitness and strength)
Movement: Moves the same as a normal human
Skin: Skin varies in colour on a human but Marcus is a white male.
Hair: Marcus has hair, human hair colour is based on genetics and styles will vary different between males and females.
Facial features: Marcus has very rugged facial features which fit his personality of being in the army and a hard man. Human features vary greatly depending on face shapes, noses, mouths, lips, ears, eyes, eyebrows etc. Different features can affect the way the face moves and represents emotion. Each individual has different facial features and when animating you would have to match these with what the rest of the body looks like and the characters personality
Sex: Male
Gender: Male
Skeleton: No difference to the skeleton in the anatomy section.
Musculature: Large proportions. Marcus is portrayed as a large strong man. Without large muscles his personality wouldn't fit.
Lever systems: Typical human lever systems as mentioned previously.
Cardio respitatory: As a human we need to breathe, Marcus is human and needs oxygen to be alive. His chest should move to replicate this.
Lara Croft
Size: 5ft6 (Average female size)
Shape: Mesomorph (with enhanced breasts)
Movement: Very athletic but moves as humans should.
Skin: White female with a tan
Hair: Lengthy brown straight hair tied in a bun/ponytail
Facial features: Large lips/ eyes, thin nose and face in general. Made to look attractive.
Sex: Female, clearly distinguished by large mammary glands and the shape of her body. She has a clear hourglass shape with a thinner abdominal area.
Gender: Female
Skeleton: Skeleton would be the same. Female skeletons however mature around the age of 18 which is much faster than males by around 3 years. They tend to have smaller skeletons.
Musculature: She has an athletic figure so her muscles are clearly distinguishable through her skin but not to much that it would make her look like a body builder as this would not fit her personality.
Lever systems: Typical human lever systems as mention before.
Cardio respiratory: Lara needs oxygen to live, which means she needs to breathe. Animators should replicate her inhaling and exhaling air.
Shape: Mesomorph (with enhanced breasts)
Movement: Very athletic but moves as humans should.
Skin: White female with a tan
Hair: Lengthy brown straight hair tied in a bun/ponytail
Facial features: Large lips/ eyes, thin nose and face in general. Made to look attractive.
Sex: Female, clearly distinguished by large mammary glands and the shape of her body. She has a clear hourglass shape with a thinner abdominal area.
Gender: Female
Skeleton: Skeleton would be the same. Female skeletons however mature around the age of 18 which is much faster than males by around 3 years. They tend to have smaller skeletons.
Musculature: She has an athletic figure so her muscles are clearly distinguishable through her skin but not to much that it would make her look like a body builder as this would not fit her personality.
Lever systems: Typical human lever systems as mention before.
Cardio respiratory: Lara needs oxygen to live, which means she needs to breathe. Animators should replicate her inhaling and exhaling air.
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